The Food and Agriculture Organization of FAO/UN emphasizes that biodiversity for food and agriculture is the foundation of the world’s food systems and food security. It includes plants, animals, micro-organisms and ecosystems that support crop production, livestock, forestry, fish farming and aquaculture. It includes both domesticated and wild species that contribute to food, agriculture and ecosystem balance.
In agriculture, biodiversity means healthy soil, pollinators, well-maintained pastures, forest belts, locally adapted varieties, crop rotation and a natural balance that helps the farm better withstand drought, disease and pests.
For farmers, biodiversity means:
- Healthy and productive soil. Soil organisms decompose organic matter, release nutrients and improve soil structure, leading to more stable yields and better drought tolerance.
- Fewer pests and diseases. Where there is species and habitat diversity, populations of beneficial insects and birds increase, which control pests and reduce the need for phytosanitary protections.
- Improved pollination and increased crop yields. Conservation of wild flora and protective forest belts provide food and shelter for insect pollinators, which translates into increased yields (including honey yields) and improved quality of many crops.
- Climate resilience. Multi-crop farms with better resilience to droughts, heavy rains or new pests. For such farms, the risk of total crop loss is reduced.
- Cost reduction and improved market position. Fertile soils and biological control mean less use of fertilizers and pesticides. At the same time, produce from organic methods can gain better access to support programs and premium markets.
How farmers can help conserve biodiversity:
- By diversifying crops and following crop rotation.
- By applying conservation agriculture practices (no-tillage, compost and manure management, residue management, cover crops, etc.).
- Planting and maintaining woodlands and hedgerows. These landscape elements provide refuge for fauna, reduce erosion, protect the land from drought, and promote pollination and natural pest control.
- Maintaining natural “green spaces” on the farm: meadows, pastures, hayfields, etc.
- Selection of varieties and hybrids adapted to local conditions.
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